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Learn how to control bipolar and unipolar stepper motors with an Arduino using drivers like ULN2003, L298N, and A4988. In this article, I’ll show you all you need to know to get started with stepper motors.

Introduction

Stepper Motors are used in a wide variety of devices ranging from 3D printers and CNC machines to DVD drives, heating ducts, and even analog clocks. Yet despite their popularity, many experimenters shy away from using stepper motors as they seem to require complex hookups and code.

In this article, I hope to dispel that myth by showing you just how easy it is to use a stepper motor with an Arduino. So follow along, I promise to take you through all of this “complex” stepper theory one step at a time!

Stepper Motors

Stepper motors are DC motors that rotate in precise increments or “steps”. They are very useful when you need to position something very accurately. They are used in 3D printers to position the printhead correctly and in CNC machines where their precision is used to position the cutting head. If your digital camera has an autofocus or remote zoom feature chances are a stepper motor is being employed to do that.

Stepper Motors with Arduino

Unlike DC motors stepper motors are controlled by applying pulses of DC electricity to their internal coils. Each pulse advances the motor by one step or by a fraction of a step, the latter is known as “microstepping” and will be explained shortly.

Some users confuse stepper motors with servo motors but they are actually two different beasts. A servo motor is unique in that it’s motor shaft can be moved to a precise angle, most servos only rotate 180 or 270 degrees although there are modified servos that can spin a full 360 degrees. A servo motor is “aware” of its position and can be moved to a specific angle even if an external force moves the motor shaft.

Steppers, on the other hand, are “unaware” of their position.  They can be moved to an exact position in reference to where they start stepping (i.e 36 degrees clockwise) but unlike servos they can be misaligned if their shaft is moved by an external force.  In many applications a servo is first moved to a “homing” or reference position before being controlled, printers commonly do this when they are first initialized.

Because the move in discrete steps a stepper motor is not often used where a smooth continuous rotation is required, However with the use of gearing and microstepping they can approach a smooth rotation and their ability to be very accurately positioned often outweighs the roughness of their movement.

Another advantage stepper motors have over DC motors is the ability to move art very slow speeds without stalling, in fact, stalling really isn’t a concept with stepper motors.  They also pack a lot of torque into a comparably small package.

How Stepper Motors Work

Stepper motors have a magnetized geared core that is surrounded by a number of coils that act as electromagnets. Despite the number of coils electrically there really are usually only two coils in a stepper motor, divided into a number of small coils.

By precisely controlling the current in the coils the motor shaft can be made to move in discrete steps, as illustrated in the following diagrams:

Bipolar Stepper Motor Theory 1

In the first diagram the coil at the top is energized by applying electricity in the polarity shown. The magnetized shaft is attracted to this coil and then locks into place.

Now look what happens when the electricity is removed from the top coil and applied to the other coil. The shaft is attracted to the second coil and locks into place there.

Bipolar Stepper Motor Theory 2

The jump between the two positions is one step (in this illustration a step is 90 degrees, in actual fact, a stepper motor usually steps just a fraction of this. The diagrams are simplified for clarity).

Microstepping

We have seen how the motor shaft moves to lock itself into place in front of an attracting electromagnet, each magnet represents one step. It is, however, possible to move the motor shaft into positions between steps. This is known as “microstepping”.

In order to understand how microstepping works look at the next diagram:

Bipolar Stepper Motor Theory 3

In this illustration, the current has been applied to BOTH coils in an equal amount. This causes the motor shaft to lock into place halfway between the two coils. This would be known as a “half step”.

The principle can be extended to include quarter steps, eight steps, and even sixteenth steps. This is done by controlling the ratio of the current applied to both coils to attract the motor shaft to a position between the coils but closer to one coil than the other.

By using microstepping it is possible to move the shaft of a stepper motor a fraction of a degree, allowing for extremely precise positioning.

Types of Stepper Motors

Internally there are a number of ways to design a stepper motor, such as Variable Reluctance, Permanent Magnet, and Hybrid stepper motors. These design differences primarily deal with the method employed to create the magnetic field within the motor.

For most experimenters, these differences will be merely academic but if you are choosing a stepper motor for a very specific design you may want to look into this more.

For most users, the main difference between stepper motor design boils down to the way the coils are wired within the motor. There are two methods employed – Bipolar and Unipolar.  These two types of stepper motors are not interchangeable (although it is possible to “hack” a Unipolar motor to create a Bipolar motor).

Let’s look at these two types of stepper motors.

Bipolar Stepper Motors

Bipolar stepper motors consist of two coils of wire (electrically, actually split into several physical coils) and generally have four connections, two per coil.  The simplified diagrams of stepper operation that you just looked at in the previous section are all bipolar stepper motors.

Bipolar Stepper Motor Coil connections

An advantage of bipolar stepper motors is that they make use of the entire coil winding so they are more efficient.  However, they require a more complex controller or driver to operate as to reverse direction the polarity of the voltage applied to the coils needs to be reversed.

Unipolar Stepper Motors

A unipolar stepper motor also consists of two coils (electrically) but each coil has a center tap so there are three connections on each coil.  This results in six connections, however many unipolar stepper motors have only five connections as the two center taps are internally connected.

Unipolar Stepper Motor Coil connections

In a unipolar stepper motor only half of each coil is used at one time. In most configurations, a positive voltage is applied to the center tap and left there. A negative voltage is then applied to one side of the coil to attract the motor shaft, as illustrated below:

Unipolar Stepper Motor Theory 1

As with the bipolar motor, the unipolar stepper motor can be made to advance one step when current is removed from the top coil and applied to one side of the second coil:

Unipolar Stepper Motor Theory 2

You can also microstep a unipolar stepper motor by using the same technique that we used with bipolar steppers, applying current to both coils.

Now to reverse the direction of a unipolar motor you don’t need to reverse polarity. Instead, the negative voltage is applied to the OTHER side of the coil. This causes the current to flow in the opposite direction within the coil and this, in turn, moves the motor shaft in the opposite direction.

Unipolar Stepper Motor Theory 3

Unipolar stepper motors are easier to control as there is no requirement to reverse current polarity to change direction. However, as the unipolar stepper motor only makes use of half of the coil windings at any given moment they are not as efficient as half of the wiring is essentially wasted.

We will work with both unipolar and bipolar stepper motors in the experiments we are about to do.

It should be noted that there are also stepper motors that can be wired as both bipolar and unipolar. These motors have four coils which can be joined to make either two center-tapped coils (for a unipolar configuration) or just two big coils (in a bipolar configuration).   These stepper motors will have eight wires, two per coil.

Reading Stepper Motor Specifications

Choosing a stepper motor can be a somewhat daunting task but it doesn’t have to be. Many first time users are scared off by the vast number of specifications included with some stepper motors. In actual fact, they are not that difficult to understand.

Here are a few of the key specifications you’ll find included with stepper motors, along with a short definition of them:

Phase: This refers to the groupings of the individual coils in the stepper motor. A stepper motor may have several coils but they are wired together and controlled in phases. Two, Four and Five phase stepper motors are common. There will often be a phase diagram included with a stepper motor that indicates the sequence that the motor phases are driven in.

Step Angle:  This is the amount that the shaft of the motor will spin for each individual full step, measured in degrees,  In some stepper motors this is referred to as Steps Per Revolution and the two figures are just different ways of expressing the same thing.

As an example, a common rating for a stepper motor is a 1.8-degree step angle. As there are 360 degrees in a full rotation this is equivalent to 200 steps per revolution (1.8 x 200 = 360).

Voltage: Simply the voltage rating of the motor coils. It is also a function of the current rating and the coil resistance and you can use Ohm’s Law to calculate one from the other.

Current: The maximum current at the rated voltage. This is a useful specification as it will allow you to select a suitable driver and power supply for your stepper motor.

Resistance: The coil resistance, measured in ohms.

Inductance: The inductance of each motor coils, measured in millihenries. This is an important specification as inductance will limit the maximum speed you’ll be able to efficiently drive your stepper at. Typically unipolar stepper motors have an advantage here as they only use half a coil and thus have lower inductance than their bipolar equivalents.

Holding Torque: This will be the amount of force that is created when the stepper motor is energized.

Detent Torque: This is the amount of holding torque that can be expected when the motor is NOT energized.

Shaft Style: The physical shape of the motor shaft. You will need to know this in order to mate your stepper motor with gears, pulleys and other external connections such as shaft couplers. There are several common shapes used, in addition, the shaft length can be important for obvious reasons.

Some common shaft types are as follows:

  • Round Shaft – pretty well says it all!
  • “D” Shaft – a “D-shaped” shaft, useful for mounting gears with set screws.
  • Geared Shaft – a shaft with a gear etched into it.
  • Lead-Screw Shaft – A shaft shaped like a screw, used in constructing linear actuators.

Another obvious specification of a stepper (or any motor) is its physical size. There are a group of stepper motors that have standard sizes, we will look at these now.

NEMA Motor sizes

NEMA is an abbreviation for the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. Although based in the United States this is actually an international standards committee, although being American the specifications were all originally created using the imperial system instead of the metric system.

In 1984 the NEMA committee set out some standards for motor sizes, based upon the faceplate size of the motor. This standard is still in use today and results in motors designated “NEMA 17” or “NEMA 23”.

The NEMA 17 sized stepper motor has become extremely popular, especially in the construction of 3D printers.  It also creates a lot of confusion as you often hear people refer to a motor simply as a “NEMA 17”, which really only designates the size of the motor and not its other specifications such as voltage, current, step angle or even if it is bipolar or unipolar.

The “17” in “NEMA 17” is the faceplate size, in the NEMA standard, the faceplate is the NEMA “number” divided by 10 in inches. So a NEMA 17 motor has a faceplate approximately 1.7 inches wide while a NEMA 23 is 2.3 inches wide.

Techref has a good description of NEMA motor sizes.

Experimenting with Stepper Motors

OK, enough theory! Time to dig out our Arduino and start experimenting with stepper motors.

There are four experiments we will do today, two of them using a unipolar stepper motor and two of them with the unipolar variety.  In addition, we will make use of a couple of Arduino libraries, one of which is already included in the Arduino IDE.

Although these experiments have been illustrated using an Arduino Uno any Arduino will work. You can also feel free to change the pin numbers if you need to as there are no special requirements there, just be sure to alter the sketch to reflect those changes if you decide to do that.

Let’s get started!

Demo 1 – 28BYJ-48 Unipolar Stepper with ULN2003

Our first demonstration will make use of an extremely popular stepper motor and driver combination. These motors have been manufactured for decades and are made by the millions so they are very inexpensive, the driver and motor should run you less than five dollars in total.

The 28BYJ-48 is a 5-wire unipolar stepper motor that moves 32 steps per rotation internally but has a gearing system that moves the shaft by a factor of 64. The result is a motor that spins at 2048 steps per rotation.  It should be noted that some of these motors may have a different gearing system so the number of steps per rotation of your motor may not be the same.  The 28BYJ-48 runs on 5 volts.

The motor is commonly packaged with a tiny driver board based around the ULN2003 Darlington transistor array.  The board has a connector that mates perfectly with the motor wires so it is very easy to use. There are also connections for four 5-volt digital inputs as well as power supply connections.

On the subject of power supplies one very important thing to note is that you should NEVER use the 5-volt power from your Arduino to power this (or any) stepper motor no matter how tempting it is. Even though the 28BYJ-48 doesn’t draw much current it will induce electrical “noise” onto its power supply lines and this could damage your Arduino.  Always use a separate power supply to power your stepper motors!

We will hookup our motor, driver, and Arduino as follows:

28YBJ-48 stepper with ULN2003 and Arduino Demo 1

Now that we have everything hooked up we will need to program the Arduino. Here is the sketch that we will use to do that:

 

In this sketch, we make use of the Arduino Stepper Library which comes packaged with your Arduino IDE. The stepper library takes care of sequencing the pulses we will be sending to our stepper motor and it can be used with a wide variety of motors, both unipolar and bipolar.

The 28BYJ-48 stepper motors have internal gearing which reduces the output rotation by a factor of 64 (as noted above some are different). So we define three constants to handle motor rotation:

  • STEPS_PER_REV is the number of steps the actual motor takes per revolution. This is set at 32.
  • GEAR_RED is the amount of gear reduction. I set mine to 64 but you may need to adjust this if your motor is different
  • STEPS_PER_OUT_REV is the final output of the motor shaft after gear reduction. It is the multiple of the above two numbers.

In case you are wondering why a float was used instead of an integer for the above constants, it’s because the gear reduction is sometimes a number like 63.5. If yours is 64 you could always use integers.

The variable “StepsRequired” will be used to define the number of steps we want our motor to rotate.

The 28BYJ-48 Unipolar stepper motor has a step sequence as follows: 1-3-2-4. This information will be used to drive the motor by creating an instance of the Stepper class called “steppermotor”  with the pin sequence of 8,10, 9, 11. Make sure you get this right or the motor will not operate properly.

There is nothing to set in the setup routine as the Arduino Stepper library class already sets the four I/O pins as outputs.

In the loop we have three demonstration runs, you can feel free to add as many more as you wish or to change the existing ones.

The first run steps the motor four steps very slowly. It is interesting to observe the LEDs on the UNL2003 as this runs.

The second run turns the motor clockwise a half turn very slowly. And the final run returns the motor a half turn at a much faster speed. You can experiment with the “setSpeed” parameter to determine what the top speed for your motor is.

Demo 2 – Two 28BYJ-48 Unipolar Steppers with ULN2003

For the next demonstration, we will add a second 28BYJ-48 stepper and ULN2003 driver set to the picture to drive two motors simultaneously. We will also make use of an advanced stepper motor library that you will need to install in your Arduino IDE.

Before we get to the code let’s hook up an additional motor and driver to our Arduino. Leave the connections you made in Demo 1 as they are and wire the new devices as follows:

28YBJ-48 stepper with ULN2003 and Arduino Demo 2

Once again we will power the driver and motor from an external 5-volt power supply.

This sketch will make use of the AccelStepper library which is an advanced library written by Mike McCauley. You will need to install this library using the Arduino IDE Library Manager as it is not included in the Arduino IDE.

 

In this demonstration, we will drive one motor at full steps and the second one at half steps. We will define two constants at the beginning of the sketch for this.  We’ll also define eight constants, one for each motor output pin on the Arduino.

Next we set up two motor objects, one for each motor. We use our pin definitions and the step definitions to set these up.

In the setup routine we setup the maximum speed, acceleration factor, initial speed and the number of steps we will move to (I used 2048 as the motor spins 2048 steps per rotation).  Note that the second motor has a negative number of steps, this indicates it is to move counterclockwise when it is initialized.

In the loop we use an If statement to check how far the motors need to travel until they get to the “moveTo” position using the AccelStepper library “distanceToGo” parameter. Once that reaches zero we change the “moveTo” position to the negative of the current position, which will result in the motor moving in the opposite direction to the other end of travel.

The motors are actually set into motion using the AccelStepper library “run” function.

The movement of the two motors is interesting to watch as they accelerate and decelerate in opposite directions. Note that one motor is running at full steps while the other uses half steps, observe the lights on the UNL2003 controller when the motors start and stop and you’ll notice a difference in the step patterns.

Demo 3 – Bipolar Stepper with L298N H-Bridge

Now that we have worked with a unipolar stepper motor it’s time to switch to a bipolar stepper.  For this experiment, I used a NEMA 17 sized bipolar stepper rated at 12 volts but any bipolar stepper motor can be used as long as you observe the voltage ratings and use a suitable power supply. Once again please don’t attempt to power the motor from the Arduino power supply.

As you recall a bipolar stepper motor requires a driver that can reverse polarity to the motor coils in order to reverse the motor direction.  A good component to accomplish this with is an “H-Bridge”.

We have discussed using an H-Bridge before when we talked about controlling brushed DC Motors.  Essentially this is a device that contains four internal power transistors that allow control of the direction of current through a motor coil.

We will be using the same H-Bridge controller that we used in the previous article, the L298N module. These modules are very inexpensive and are very reliable and they can be used to control either two DC motors or one stepper motor. Obviously we will be using it to control a stepper motor today, the L298N is a dual H-Bridge so each H-Bridge will drive one of the coils in our bipolar stepper motor.

Here is how I have hooked up my L298N H-Bridge, bipolar stepper, and Arduino Uno:

Bipolar Stepper Motor with Arduino and L298N H-Bridge module

Note that you may not need to make all of these connections, this depends upon how you configure your L298N module.  And also note that the motor power supply you use should match your motor requirements.

The L298N module has a jumper to set its internal 5-volt logic circuits to use either an external power supply (jumper off) or to use a built-in voltage regulator and derive the 5-volts from the motor power supply (jumper on). If you choose to use your motor supply make sure it is at least 7.5 volts and eliminate the power connection from the Arduino 5 volt output.

Some L298N modules also have a set of jumpers that allow you to tie the two Enable lines high so that the motors are always enabled, which is what we want here. If you have these you can also eliminate the connection from the Arduino 5-volt output to ENA and ENB and just set the jumpers instead.

We will also use a potentiometer to act as a speed control. Any value from 10k up will work, lower values will put a lot of load onto the Arduino 5-volt output.

Once you get everything hooked up it’s time to load the code up to the Arduino. Here is the sketch:

 

The sketch uses the Arduino Stepper library again. If you feel like a challenge you can rewrite it to use the AccelStepper library instead.

After including the library we define a couple of constants:

  • STEPS_PER_REV is the number of steps per revolution that our motor is rated at. Mine was rated at 200, which is the same as 1.8 degrees per step. Change this to match your motor.
  • SPEED_CONTROL is the analog port we connect the potentiometer. It is set to A0.

The sequence for our bipolar stepper is 1-2-3-4 so we create our instance of the stepper class with this in mind. Our L298N is connected to pins 8, 9, 10 and 11.

Again the stepper library sets up the pins as outputs so there is no need to do that in the setup routine.

In the loop we read the potentiometer position by measuring the input voltage on the analog pin using the Arduino analogRead function. We then map it to a range of 0 to 100 using the useful Arduino map function.

The value derived from the map function is then used to set the motor speed. As long as it is over zero we set the motor speed and then step it one one hundredth of a revolution, which in the case of my motor will move it two steps or 3 degrees.

After that we do it all again. The result is that the motor speed will be controlled by the potentiometer.

Note that no attempt has been made to control the motor direction in tis design. If you wish you can do this by setting the motor speed to a negative number to spin the motor counterclockwise.  The H-Bridge will do the job of reversing the motor voltage polarity to reverse the motor.

As you can see an L298N makes a great stepper motor controller as well as a DC motor controller.  But like the UNL2003 it still require the Arduino to do all the motor sequencing. In our next experiment we will use a dedicated motor controller.

Demo 4 – Bipolar Stepper with A4988

The final demonstration will make use of a dedicated bipolar stepper motor controller called the A4988.  Using a dedicated controller has many advantages:

  • The logic for stepping the motor is all contained in the controller, freeing up the Arduino (or other microcontroller or microcomputer) to do other things.
  • The number of connections to the microcontroller or microcomputer is reduced, making it much easier to control multiple stepper motors
  • Doing advanced things like microstepping is easy, without using any special library or tying up computing resources
  • You actually can control the motor without a microcontroller, a simple square wave oscillator can suffice in many situations.

The A4988 is a very common and inexpensive stepper motor controller that is used a lot in 3D printers and CNC machines where several stepper motors need to be managed. Other than the controller and motor it only requires one other part, a decoupling capacitor that is mounted physically close to the controller.  With a heatsink the device can handle up to 2 amperes.

Let’s take a look at the pinout of the A4988 module before we put it to use:

A4988 Stepper Controller Pinout

Starting from the top right and working down we see the following pins:

  • VMOT – The motor DC supply voltage (positive). The maximum voltage is 35 volts.
  • GND – The motor supply voltage ground.
  • 2B, 2A – The connections to coil 2 of the bipolar stepper motor.
  • 1A, 1B – The connections to coil 1 of the bipolar stepper motor.
  • VDD – The logic supply DC voltage (positive) . This can range from 3 to 5.5 volts.
  • GND – The logic supply ground.

Now looking down the other side of the A4988 module:

  • ENABLE – This is an active low connection, when brought low (ground) the A4988 module is enabled. By default this is pulled low so the module is always enabled unless you apply a logic high here.
  • MS1, MS2, MS3 – These three connections determine the microstepping mode of the A4988 module. By setting the logic levels here you can set the motor to Full, Half, Quarter, Eighth or Sixteenth steps. See the chart on the connection diagram for details.
  • RESET – This is an active low line that will reset the module. By default it is pulled high.
  • SLEEP – If this line is set low the module will enter a low-powered sleep mode and consume minimal current. By tying this line to the Reset pin the module will always be on at full power consumption.
  • STEP – This is how you drive the motor from an external microcontroller or square wave oscillator. Each pulse sent here steps the motor by whatever number of steps or microsteps that has been set by MS1, MS2 and MS3 settings. The faster you pulse this the faster the motor will travel.
  • DIR – The direction control A high input here drives the motor clockwise, a low will drive it counterclockwise.

The key thing to note here is that the A4988 only requires two inputs from the Arduino to control the stepper motor and does not need the Arduino to “figure out” the stepping logic. This makes it a lot easier to control multiple stepper motors for advanced projects.

Now that we have seen how the A4988 is laid out we will connect one to our Arduino.

Bipolar Stepper Motor with Arduino and A4988 controller

Note that there is an additional component, a 100uf capacitor, in this circuit. This is essential to decouple the power supply. Any value from 47uf up will suffice, try and mount the capacitor as close to the A4988 VMOT and GND pins as possible.

Otherwise the connections are quite simple. Make sure to observe the motor connections, the A4988 is conveniently laid out to match the 4-pin connector that is common on several bipolar motors but you should check your motor connections to be sure they are correct.

A4988 Current Adjustment

Before we load our sketch there is one thing that needs to be done. We need to set the current that flows through our motor coils using a small potentiometer on the A4988 module.

One method of doing this is to measure the voltage at a testpoint (labeled “+”) near the potentiometer while you adjust it . Use the following formula to derive the current:

I= Vref*2.5 – “Vref” is the voltage you measure an “I” is the current.

Another way is to tie the “STEP” input to high (5-volts) and place an ammeter in series with one of the motor coils. This Is the method I used in the video.

Once you have the motor current adjusted it’s time to load the sketch:

 

In this sketch we won’t be using any stepper libraries as all we need to do is send a pulse out to the A4988 and let it do all the “heavy lifting”.

We start by defining constants to represent the pins we have connected the A4988 STEP and DIR pins to.  We also define STEPS_PER_REV as we did in the previous sketch, the number of steps our motor needs to complete one rotation.  Again you should set this to match your stepper motor specifications.

In the setup we set our two defined A4988 pins as outputs.

Now to the loop. We will do two things here, spin the motor slowly clockwise one turn and then spin it counterclockwise two turns. We will insert a one second delay between each spin.

To set the direction of the motor we set the DIR pin either HIGH or LOW depending upon which way we want to go. A HIGH here will cause the motor to spin clockwise.  

The speed is set by the frequency of the pulses we send on the STEP pin. The pulses are manually generated in a very similar fashion as the Arduino Blink sketch, by bringing the output HIGH, waiting a bit then Bringing it LOW and waiting again. This is repeated as many times as necessary to rotate our motor oin the amount we desire, one full rotation for the first routine and two rotations for the second one.

Of course you can add as many routines as you wish to make your motor move in the speed and direction you like.

As you can see the A4988 makes it very easy to drive a bipolar stepper motor with a minimum of code. You can also get a shield for your Arduino that allows you to drive multiple A4988 modules, which would be great if you are building a CNC machine or a 3D printer.

Conclusion

Hopefully this article and the accompanying video have shown you that stepper motors are not really that hard to work with after all. If you are designing a project that requires you to be able to position something precisely a stepper motor is an ideal choice.

Please let me know in the comments about any problems or observations you encounter using stepper motors. I’d really love to hear how you incorporate them into your own designs.

Now get out there and start building with stepper motors!

 

Parts List

Here are some components that you might need to complete the experiments in this article. Please note that some of these links may be affiliate links, and the DroneBot Workshop may receive a commission on your purchases. This does not increase the cost to you and is a method of supporting this ad-free website.

COMING SOON!

 

Resources

Code for this article – All of the Arduino Sketches used in this article in one ZIP file.

AccelStepper Library – The AccelStepper library is an advanced stepper motor control library for the Arduino.

Arduino Stepper Library – A stepper motor library included in the Arduino IDE.

Stepper Motors – The Wikipedia guide to stepper motors.

What is a Stepper Motor? – An excellent article about stepper motors from Adafruit.

Everything about Stepper Motors – A very detailed article about stepper motor design from Oriental Motors.

PDF Version – A PDF version of this article, great for printing and using on your workbench.

 

 

Stepper Motors with Arduino – Getting Started with Stepper Motors
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Stepper Motors with Arduino - Getting Started with Stepper Motors
Article Name
Stepper Motors with Arduino - Getting Started with Stepper Motors
Description
Learn to use Stepper Motors with the Arduino. Explore different stepper motor designs and driver options.
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DroneBot Workshop
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Adam
6 years ago

Hello all I am currently in the design phase in an automatic wire cutter for work. Ok so there are 27 spools of wire that I need to measure and cut. So if I need wire to make a wire harness my plan is to have a touch lcd with what harnesses I make. Pick what one and how many I need. Then the MC will run the steppers to measure the wire then cut it to length. Now a harness has different color and gage wire in them. So my question is how would I address the steppers and… Read more »

owen
4 years ago

Hi, I’m trying to do something similar but I’m having trouble with the digital pins from the Mega (14-53). 2-13(pwm) seem to work fine but the others are not responding at all. Any help much appreciated.

doesn't matter
6 years ago

Hello,
My appreciation to the dronebot team for creating such a useful resource.
Here is my problem statement: I want my motor rotate at an angle of 0.03 degree and I am more concerned about the accuracy than any other factor for my project. For this, I have the following

1. A4988
2. HS036T04P18M17(U)
3. L298N
4. 28BYJ-48 5VDC

Using the above I request you to help me in identifying the motor and driver combinations and the way to achieve the desired accuracy (step angle = 0.03 degree or less) through microstepping using arduino in a reasonable manner.

Alireza Naeeni
6 years ago

Hi I have this stepper motor nema 23 connected to my x axis of my milling machine . could i run this motor without generating code ? just by its driver and an Arduino uno and a 24 volt adapter. thanks

Umer
5 years ago

Hi, i read your whole article but i have a question. How can i relate the step according to distance? If am motor can take a step of 1.8 or 200 steps per revolution then can we say motor travel a distance of 200 cm or mm? Please resolve my confusion.

Zayed
5 years ago
Reply to  Umer

that depends on how you translate the rotation movement to a linear movement, does not have much to do with the motor.. If you are using spindles for example,, the spindle specification will have a number (ex:5mm) for full rotation.. Then if you are using a 1.8° motor, then yopu need 200 steps for 360°. so for 5mm you need 200 steps.. of course it differs if you are using something else, like a chain for example,
hope it helps

Abu-Hafss
5 years ago

Hi

I appreciate and thank you for your detailed video and article.

I want to use NEMA 23, hybrid motor (2.7A) in bi-polar mode with TB-6560 controller since A4988 cannot be used because of current limitation. Could you please guide me what changes should I make in the code for using Tb-6560 with potentiometer.

I shall appreciate if you could make a video for TB-6560 with detailed explanation about its settings and wiring.

Abu-Hafss
5 years ago

Hi

I am using TB6560 driver for my stepper which is similar to A4988 driver.
My question is, how do we use a potentiometer to control the speed of the stepper?

david
5 years ago

Is there a way to know a stepper motor is pointing?

Kevin F
5 years ago

I’ve watched a few of your videos and have thoroughly enjoyed them. You are very thorough without going way overboard with your information. I especially enjoyed this video on steppers and would love to see something on how to use them with an exact location that they are programmed to go to. I would love to build a control for a model train turntable where I could tell it to go to a specific degree or location to line up the tracks(Hint). Yo have made videos unlike the others that I’ve watch on arduino’s. you have covered unique areas while… Read more »

Robert Krone
5 years ago

Hello, I watched your video on controlling unipolar and bipolar stepper motors using an Arduino and you explanations of both as well as the level of detail you go into in terms of the code and what each portion of the code relates to is by far the best I have come across to date. One thing which I am struggling with for my self is a method to determine the wires for each coil in a unipolar stepper I have. The stepper in question is a STP-42D221-03 stepper from an old dot matrix printer. It is a 5 wire… Read more »

Valentino
5 years ago

Hi, from little time I have discovered and I/you/they have been spellbound of the world CNC. For this I would want to build a car it cuts polistirolo to warm thread. I have bought 4 motor stepper Nema 23 together with the drivers St 4045-A1. To pilot these motors I think about doing him/it with the program of pilotage DevCnc Foam, that Arduino a compatible R3 points out with this software. On their site us a chart with the pins to be inserted. Only that I don’t succeed in understanding as he does. For-favor, begs you to help to make… Read more »

Mrutyunjaya Satapathy
5 years ago

What if someone want to use 4 motor (2 for one work and another two for other work). What components will he use?

Matt
5 years ago

Hello! I’m trying Demo ! with the small stepper and it refuses to turn CCW. I’ve been trying every library sketch and every google search for these motors I can, and each time it comes to turn CCW, it just vibrates, then continues CW again. I bought a new motor and driver, and tried a different Arduino just to see if it was a hardware issue, but to the same results. Any thoughts?
TIA!

Slawek
3 years ago
Reply to  Matt

I’m also experiencing this issue, if is set dirPin to 1 or HIGH it spins always in CW , same if the dirPin = 0 or LOW. Have you resoled that somehow ?

Kumar A Jyoti
5 years ago

Write an Arduino program that uses a single Texas Instruments DRV8860 to turn two unipolar stepper motors in one direction (clockwise or counter clockwise, your choice) simultaneously. Utilize one of the hardware timers of the Arduino (using a timer library is okay) to step the motors at a frequency of 400Hz. The DRV8860 has several operating modes; you only need to implement the default operating mode.

zip code tech
5 years ago

Hello I am currently building a 150mm or 6″ “automatic blast gate”, which is basically a small plastic shutter that opens and closes for an air vent. I figured the best motor to use would be a lead-screw stepping motor, attached the shutter to actuate, but after watching your explanation I’m unsure if I should go with a unipolar or bipolar, to me a unipolar seems easier to code as you can merely reverse the direction to close with a -(minus), instead of reversing polarity through a hat? though I would like to ask you and the general forum maybe… Read more »

wonder
5 years ago

Could a stepper motor uploaded with code may disconnected from NB, if we provide Vcc plus 5V for driver power needs. (like the demo 3), Afterwards It works independently from NB.
Thanks for your help.

james
5 years ago

bonjour j’aimerai savoir comment faire se système
quand je tourne mon potentiomètre de 5 degré ver la droite, j’aimerai que l’arbre du moteur tourne de 5 degré ver la droite et idem dans l’autre sens 5 degré ses pour l’exemple

cordialement

michel
4 years ago
Reply to  james

bonjour
si j ai bien compris a question, j pense que la reponse a ton probleme est : utilise un servo moteur et non un moteur pas a pas qui n est pas fait pour cela

notre hote , Bill, a realise des videos tres claires pour expliquer tout ca

cordialment

4 years ago

Thanks for the tutorial ! However, I do have 2 issues !
The first one, my A4988 is getting hot, really hot !
The second, the stepper motor is not acting the way it supposed to do. Its actually more vibrating that turning. Also when its supposed to make a full rotation, its only doing like a quarter one.
Any ideas how to solve this ?
Thanks a lot !

SteveB
4 years ago
Reply to  Leuridan

Did you ever solve this? Having exactly the same issue except with L298N, potentiometer control. Heat sink quickly gets quite hot, motor judders around never makes a full rev. 3 different motors, two different L298N boards, same result every time.

Angelo
4 years ago

Does anyone know about the Adafruit 16-channel PWM/Servo Shield, how it works?

Ian
4 years ago

Hello, great tutorial.
I’m in the process of making a solar tracker not with LDR’s but with set elevation and azimuth positions given from the SunPos node in Node-Red via MQTT.

Would it be possible for you to advise me on how to adapt the code in Demo 3 so to move 2 stepper motors (via L298N’s)? I’m ok with the MQTT part.
Thanks

Robin Luo
4 years ago

Hi, DroneBot, nice to learn from this tutorial, it’s very clear and useful even to a beginner like me.
My question is since the code is in the ” void loop”, it will run again and again right?

How to let the stepper run only once? Move the code to “void setup”?

Thanks a lot!

Peter W (New Zealand)
4 years ago
Reply to  Robin Luo

Hi ‘DroneBot’ I have just become aware of your absolutely brilliant tutorials. Thank you. I have a query similar to Robins, where I want to ‘trigger’ a stepper motor to run by an input pulse to the Arduino (for the stepper to run ‘X’ amount of steps (say 200), until the Arduino receives another pulse to move an equal number of (200) steps & so on, until a preset (programmed) number of cycles has been completed), then I want the stepper motor to reverse, and go an equal amount of steps in the reverse direction, and repeat the above cycle.… Read more »

Angelo
4 years ago

Great study, I follow it, was wonderful, keep it up

Angelo
4 years ago

Great study, keep it up

4 years ago

hi I am designing a solar tracker using Arduino Uno and tb6600 motor drivers, want to include ldr on the circuit of one of the two step motors I am using will you help me correct my coding please?

Akit Ho
4 years ago

Hi
Do you need THB6128 stepper motor driver ic

Trevor Russell
4 years ago

Hi DroneBot

Great tutorial!

Having a problem trying to get 28BJY-48 stepper and a ULN2003 driver to work.

When I load the sketch it hangs on “creating the instance of stepper class” The code line is:

Stepper steppermotor (STEPS_PER_REV, 8, 10, 9, 11)

The error message is:’Stepper” does not name a type

Any ideas as to how to solve the problem and remove the error message?

Would be grateful for any suggestions

Trevor Russell
4 years ago
Reply to  Trevor Russell

Got it!!!!
Just a silly mistake staring me in the face that I could not see for two days

4 years ago

HI, and first, thank you for that tutorial, i need to drive this motor , by half steps, with an arduino, i already have a UNO model , which shield/driver and power supply (24v?) do i need? i can t get any precise infos about it
Step motor, 23HS1001-22 ( 24v ?)

Mostafa
4 years ago

Hi there, I am having problem with my Arduino Uno and CNC shiled, recently I have tried all these workshop tutorial with the 28BYJ-48 stepper motor, and everything worked good, then i am trying to use to A4988 driver with CNC shield to move my stepper motor for my small project like “writing plotter’ I am using GRBL V.9j on Arduino to control my stepper motor, when I setup all the component everything work fine then all of sudden when i move any of axis “using Grbl controller g code software” both axis move at the same time, i tried… Read more »

Bruce Fairfull
4 years ago

Hello All, my name is Bruce, I am new to all things Arduino. However, I would like to build a device to feed pellets into my rocket stove heater in my shop. Not sure what type of motor to use and other components as well. I am sure that it can be controlled with my Arduino Uno. Can anyone assist me?

Big thanks,
Bruce

4 years ago

Hello,
i would like to please use a stepper motor for a turntable.
I would like to rotate the turntable table by 360 ° on the number of days in a month in one clockwise direction.
there would be months of 30, 31, 28 days.
example 360 ° / 30 days = 12 ° per day.
could you help me to realize this program.
hohm.michel@free.fr
thanks in advance .

Nicolas LC
3 years ago
Reply to  hohm michel

Hi, did you get an answer for this problem?

Yousaf
4 years ago

Hi
How are you sir
How to make coil winding machine CNC automatically

R. JERRY ZOLLINGER
4 years ago

Where do i read about how to get the code into the Arduino

3 years ago

Hello, I have set this up correctly, but the set-up with the A4988 on my end has some sort of trouble that I might need help with. Actually tested it with about 9 different A4988 drivers and still the same thing. The motor is trying to spin the right direction however it only vibrate (mostly) and does not work fine. The connections are correct though. I am doing this on a development board and it is not soldered yet (the connections). Everything else is wired as per the example above and already tested the nema 17 with another L298N and… Read more »

3 years ago
Reply to  Todor

Just an update, noticed that if I have the Arduino Mega and the A4988 powered and the wires I have from the Pins on the Steps and Direction on the A4988 are messing up the vibration if I touch them. I think that somehow there is interference of some sort and if I disconnect them and leave only the 5V power from the Arduino connected as in the example on this page, the stepper motor starts moving smoothly in 1 direction. That is without anything connection to the direction and steps pins on the A4988. I am really surprised to… Read more »

3 years ago
Reply to  Todor

Here is the SOLUTION to my troubles with the A4988:

If someone is reading the comments that I have posted for that problem, I was using a power supply for LEDs of 12V 5A and it is the cause of the problem. I tried changing it to another adapter of 16V 3.5A (not the V and the Amps but the type I guess of power supply made the difference) and then it started working perfectly without any distortions. Hope that helps if someone else gets the same problem as I had. 🙂

Sello
3 years ago

Good Day Sir
I am new to all this but I just realized that this is possible to learn. I now want to learn more.
That was very good and easy to understand

Much appreciated

James T Cullins
3 years ago

Thank you for an excellent video on steppers. I do have a question for you.
How do you use a PID to control a stepper motor? How do you turn the error value into steps?
Maybe you could make a video showing how to use a PID to control position or speed.
Thank you
James Cullins

ajd
3 years ago

i am finishing up work on a wire stripping fixture – the design is such that there is a 5:1 gear ratio (pulleys & drive belt) running a 200 step/rev nema17, an arduino uno, & an adafruit motor shield – problem is woefully inadequete speed – i need to get to the 800 ~ 100 rpm range, is this possible with the arduino?

Sam E.
3 years ago

Thank you for these posts and tutorials. I am just beginning with all of this, with trying to make small brushless engines. I was having issues with winding the copper coils so I decided to make an automatic coil winder with Arduino Nano and two stepper, one for winding, and the other to move the coil back and forth for even winding. I found most the code I need. My challenges are the wiring since I know nothing about wiring boards, but I am trying. Thanks for these tutorials.

Neil Woodcock
3 years ago

I would like to run a bipolar stepper motor with a TMC2208 in order to make it silent. Does anyone know how to hook one up and program it with an Arduino.

José Fonseca
3 years ago
Reply to  Neil Woodcock

They are both more or less the same. Unless you want to use SPI or something like you can use it normaly. In my 3d printer I’ve replaced all the A4988s for TMC2208 and change nothing else. It keeps working properly and, most of all, silently.

Rene
3 years ago

Thank you for your efforts. I already thought the video was great so I followed your invitation to the website. Your good preparatory work will help me a lot to find a good start. Greetings from Germany, Rene

Andreja
3 years ago

Hello, This is a very nice project to get familiar with the programming of a stepper motor. Thank you for making it. I am working on a similar project that will also include a switch. But here is where I got lost a little. I would like to use the motor to only move when I press the switch and only make one loop and then wait until I press the switch again to do another move. Can you give me a tip on how to achieve that? I have already watched a lot of your videos and maybe there… Read more »

ENG. GABRIEL LAMECK
3 years ago

well done

3 years ago

The presentation on the stepper motor and its code has been very useful to me. It helped me to understand some points that has not been very clear to me.

José Fonseca
3 years ago

Good evening Mr. Bill,

I have a question about stepper motors: they are controled by a sequence of pulses like a square wave. Is there the need of symmetry. I mean, the on time must be equal to the off time or, can it be different? If not what is the minimum width of the on time?
Keep the nice job you have been doing, best regards,
José

2 years ago
Reply to  José Fonseca

It can be different. The PWM is resulting in magnetic field and there are some limitations on electromagnetic field but mainly its not important for this tutorial.

Mike
3 years ago

What is the make and model of the capacitor used for the bi-polar motor project? Does a capacitor’s marked voltage matter?

jabed
3 years ago

hello sir
please help me i am form Bangladesh
i have small company so please help me

Frederic Bartlett
3 years ago

Hello, I am trying to convert a small manual milling table to be motorised using the 28BYJ-48 motors. I have copied your sketch, typing it in manually, I have copied and pasted and tried every method I can to get it to run but there is always an error and always starts with the same problem after the line ; #include <Stepper .h> error “STEPPER” does not name a type;did you mean ‘STEPPER_h’. To resolve this I have, I have entered various configurations only to get further into the mire. This may be due to my age as I celebrate… Read more »

Rajesh
3 years ago

Can we control three 28BYJ-48 Unipolar Steppers motors to UNO. I tried using A0 to A3 but did not got success. any help is highly appreciated, working on a watch winder project

Allan Hockley
3 years ago

I really enjoy your tutorials, you have greatly helped me in my study

julius zuben
3 years ago

Thank you for your tutorial on the uni polar motor I believe I have followed your connection instructions and I cut and pasted your sketch. I find that the motor performs quite correctly but in the opposite directions that yours are running.Have you any suggestions?

Andy Robb
3 years ago

Why are you using float rather than int for STEPS_PER_REV and GEAR_RED in your first sketch?

ron
3 years ago

Hi Bill, my names Ron and I live in the Republic Of Ireland. I’m new to this whole Arduino project and at first found it quite difficult to be quite honest. Thanks to you I’m starting to make some sense of it. Your tutorials and videos have been so helpful..I read a few books, but to be quite honest they are no subtitute for a video tuturorial. I’m working on a robot arm project using servo motors and the PCA9685 at the moment. Its going really well thanks to you. Keep the videos and tuturials coming Bill. Thank you so… Read more »