{"id":9539,"date":"2023-03-27T08:25:56","date_gmt":"2023-03-27T12:25:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/?p=9539"},"modified":"2023-04-04T21:09:23","modified_gmt":"2023-04-05T01:09:23","slug":"giga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/giga\/","title":{"rendered":"Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/download.dronebotworkshop.com\/DBWS+-+PDF+-+Arduino+GIGA+R1+WiFi.zip\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9571 size-full\" title=\"Download PDF\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/dbws-pdfdown.png?resize=64%2C64&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Download PDF\" width=\"64\" height=\"64\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"#Parts_List\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9563 size-full\" title=\"Parts List\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/dbws-parts.png?resize=64%2C64&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Parts List\" width=\"64\" height=\"64\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FsQ9kMp2GoY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9565 size-full\" title=\"View on YouTube\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/dbws-youtube.png?resize=64%2C64&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"View on YouTube\" width=\"64\" height=\"64\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/download.dronebotworkshop.com\/Arduino+Giga+-+DroneBot+Workshop.zip\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9569 size-full\" title=\"Download Code\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/dbws-codedown.png?resize=64%2C64&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Download Code\" width=\"64\" height=\"64\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What looks like an Arduino Mega 2560, has 76 I\/O ports, WiFi and Bluetooth, 16-bit Analog to Digital Converters, USB A and USB-C ports, and a Real Time Clock?\u00a0 It\u2019s the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.arduino.cc\/hardware\/giga-r1-wifi\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arduino GIGA<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the most powerful Arduino yet!<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"youtube-player\" data-id=\"FsQ9kMp2GoY\"><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today we will take a look at the GIGA and at some of its more interesting features.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With features like those already mentioned, plus many more, plus a dual-core microcontroller with mind-boggling specifications, the GIGA only resembles the Mega 2560 in form factor. It inherits its features from the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/pro\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arduino Pro line of IoT controllers<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, specifically the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/pro\/hardware-product-family-portenta-family\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Portenta series of microcontroller modules<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The GIGA has many features we haven\u2019t seen in hobbyist-level microcontroller boards, and it will find use within IoT devices, process control applications, and robotics.\u00a0 Its two superfast cores can even run MicroPython and C++ independently, allowing for some very advanced designs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9537\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-wifi.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-wifi.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-wifi.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s explore this amazing new microcontroller in depth.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi board is packaged in a small cardboard box. The board includes a small antenna and a plastic carrier that conveniently holds the board during experimentation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9523\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-mega.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-mega.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-mega.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arduino GIGA Specifications<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here is an outline of the specifications of the Arduino GIGA:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Microcontroller<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Arduino GIGA is based on a STM32H747XIH6 Microcontroller. This microcontroller has two cores:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32-bit Arm\u00ae Cortex\u00ae-M7 core with double-precision FPU and L1 cache up to 480 MHz<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32-bit Arm\u00ae 32-bit Cortex\u00ae-M4 core with FPU up to 240 MHz<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The STM32H747XIH6 includes a full set of DSP instructions and a Memory Protection Unit (MPU).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>WiFi &amp; Bluetooth<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Arduino GIGA uses a Murata\u00ae 1DX Wi-Fi\/Bluetooth Module with the following capabilities:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wi-Fi 802.11b\/g\/n 65 Mbps<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bluetooth Low Energy (version 5.X via Cordio stack, version 4.2 via Arduino Stack)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Memory<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are three memory storage devices on the Arduino GIGA, with a total of five memory areas.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>STM32H747XI<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; 2MB Flash &amp; 1 MB RAM<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>AT25SF128A-MHB-T<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; 16 MB NOR Flash<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>AS4C4M16SA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; 8 MB SDRAM<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Input\/Output<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Arduino GIGA has a wide variety of I\/O pins:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digital I\/O Pins: 76<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analog input pins: 12<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PWM pins: 12<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analog output pins (DAC0\/DAC1): 2<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">USB Host: USB 2.0 A<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">USB Peripheral: USB-C\u00ae<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Logic level: 3.3V<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VRTC: To power the RTC while the board is off<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">OFF pin: To turn off the board<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Communication<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are also many communications options on the GIGA:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4x UART<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3x I2C<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2x SPI<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1x CAN (an external transceiver is required)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>USB Ports<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are two USB connectors on the Arduino GIGA:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">USB-A &#8211; USB Host for keyboards, mice, and USB mass storage devices.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">USB-C &#8211; Programming and HID (emulates mice and keyboards)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arduino GIGA Pinout<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The GIGA has the same form factors as the Arduino Mega 256o and Arduino Due. The pinouts are compatible with its predecessors, but it should be noted that the GIGA is a 3.3-volt logic device and is not 5-volt tolerant.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9525\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-pinout.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-pinout.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-pinout.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are also additional; connectors for a DSI display and an Arducam camera. These connectors can also be used as additional I\/O ports.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9530\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-5.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-5.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-5.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9531\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-6.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-6.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-6.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Getting Started with the GIGA<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before you can start using the GIGA, you\u2019ll need to set up your Arduino IDE.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I\u2019m illustrating the process with the current IDE 2.0, but you may also use the older IDE 1.8 if you wish.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Installing the Boards Manager<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first step you\u2019ll need to take is installing the Arduino GIGA Boards Manager. You can do that by opening the Boards Manager in your Arduino IDE and searching for \u201cGIGA\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you don\u2019t get any results, you will need to update your Boards Manager. You likely received a message about there being updates for it when you opened the IDE.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once you find the GIGA board manager, click on it to install it.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the installation is finished, the Arduino GIGA should now be one of the boards available to you. Select it and look at the example code that Arduino provides with the board manager when it is installed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Resolving the LINUX DFU Problem<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I struggled to get the IDE to work correctly with the GIGA under Ubuntu Linux. I soon found out that all of my Linux computers experienced the same error, a complaint about the licensing level of the DFU (Device Firmware Update) connection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9522\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-linux-error.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-linux-error.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-linux-error.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A thread on the Arduino Forum discusses this problem and offers solutions. While I did not experience the problem using Microsoft Windows, apparently, some people have. If you do, then you should check out the thread, as you may find your answer there.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under Linux, the solution seems to be to add a \u201crules\u201d file and then update the system to use it. \u00a0 Here is how I fixed the issue on my computers:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Close Arduino IDE<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Open File Manager<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Navigate to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/etc\/udev\/rules.d<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Open a Terminal<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Type the following:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sudo nano 60-arduino-renesas.rules<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nano editor opens<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enter the following text:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SUBSYSTEMS==&#8221;usb&#8221;, ATTRS{idVendor}==&#8221;2341&#8243;, MODE:=&#8221;0666&#8243;<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Press <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ctrl-W<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to Write the file<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Press <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ctrl-X <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to Exit<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can do a<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ls<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to list the files to confirm that the new file exists.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the command line, type the following two lines (press enter after each line):<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">udevadm trigger<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">udevadm control &#8211;reload-rules<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Restart the Arduino IDE<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Try to upload a sketch &#8211; it should work now!<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9524\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-nano-edit.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-nano-edit.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-nano-edit.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I have created a \u201cCheat Sheet\u201d that you can use to simplify inputting the commands. I illustrated its use in the video that accompanies this article. It&#8217;s in the ZIP file with the code.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using the Real-Time Clock<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Arduino GIGA has a built-in Real Time Clock (RTC), along with provisions for a backup battery. \u00a0 We can use the clock in our Arduino code.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Battery Backup<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are three solder pads on the side of the Arduino GIGA board that are labeled as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>OFF<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Connecting this pin to ground will power down the GIGA. You can use this to implement a power switch.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>GND<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; A ground connection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>VRTC<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Connection for a backup battery for the clock.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can connect a battery between the GND and VRTC pins, observing polarity, of course.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9527\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-2.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-2.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-2.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While Arduino does not specify which battery to use, they refer to it as a \u201ccoin cell\u201d. I tried with a 3-volt battery, and it worked correctly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9532\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-rtc-battery.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-rtc-battery.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-rtc-battery.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manual RTC Code<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first example we will try is a simple sketch that sets the clock manually. You can use it as the basis for a more advanced program.\u00a0 This code was provided by Arduino.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \" title=\"Arduino GIGA Real Time Clock - Manual\">\/*\r\n  Arduino GIGA Real Time Clock - Manual\r\n  giga-rtc-manual.ino\r\n  Demonstrates Arduino GIGA real time clock operation\r\n  Prints time to serial monitor\r\n  Code provided by Arduino\r\n*\/\r\n\r\n#include \"mbed.h\"\r\n#include &lt;mbed_mktime.h&gt;\r\n\r\nconstexpr unsigned long printInterval{ 1000 };\r\nunsigned long printNow{};\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n  Serial.begin(9600);\r\n  \/\/RTCset();\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {\r\n  if (millis() &gt; printNow) {\r\n    Serial.print(\"System Clock:          \");\r\n    Serial.println(getLocaltime());\r\n    printNow = millis() + printInterval;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid RTCset()  \/\/ Set cpu RTC\r\n{\r\n  tm t;\r\n  t.tm_sec = (0);            \/\/ 0-59\r\n  t.tm_min = (52);           \/\/ 0-59\r\n  t.tm_hour = (14);          \/\/ 0-23\r\n  t.tm_mday = (18);          \/\/ 1-31\r\n  t.tm_mon = (11);           \/\/ 0-11  \"0\" = Jan, -1\r\n  t.tm_year = ((22) + 100);  \/\/ year since 1900,  current year + 100 + 1900 = correct year\r\n  set_time(mktime(&amp;t));      \/\/ set RTC clock\r\n}\r\n\r\nString getLocaltime() {\r\n  char buffer[32];\r\n  tm t;\r\n  _rtc_localtime(time(NULL), &amp;t, RTC_4_YEAR_LEAP_YEAR_SUPPORT);\r\n  strftime(buffer, 32, \"%Y-%m-%d %k:%M:%S\", &amp;t);\r\n  return String(buffer);\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s a pretty basic sketch and does not require additional libraries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The function <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RTCset<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> creates a data structure that sets the time.\u00a0 It is set for December 18, 2022 at 14:52.\u00a0 You can, of course, change this, but we are just using this as a test.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RTCset<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is called in the Setup, so every time the GIGA is reset, the clock will revert to its original date and time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Load the sketch to your GIGA and run it. You will see the time displayed every second on the serial monitor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can test out the operation of the clock and backup battery using this sketch, which I did in the video accompanying this article. Here is how you go about doing this:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Connect a battery to the VRTC and GND terminals. You will probably have to solder on a connector (I used Dupont pins) to do this.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Run the sketch and observe the output.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remove and replace the USB-C cable. This will power off and on the board and reset the time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now edit the sketch and remove the call to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RTCset<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This will prevent the sketch from setting the time.\u00a0 You should see the time increment from its last reading instead of reverting to the original time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pull the USB-C, wait a few seconds, and put it back in. The clock reading should persist, as the battery backed up the RTC.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Try the above without the battery. The clock will revert to January 1, 1970, which is the first date in Linux time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is a great way to become familiar with the clock&#8217;s operation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WiFi RTC Code<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another way to set the time on the RTC is to get a time reference from an Internet Time Server.\u00a0 These servers use Network Time Protocol (NTP) and can be referenced to the cesium atomic clock that sets the world&#8217;s standard time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here is a sketch to do just that. It has a second file, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">arduino_secrets.h<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which you will use to enter your network credentials.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \" title=\"Arduino GIGA Real Time Clock - WiFi\">\/*\r\n  Arduino GIGA Real Time Clock - WiFi\r\n  giga-rtc-wifi.ino\r\n  Demonstrates Arduino GIGA real time clock operation using Internet time source\r\n  Prints time to serial monitor\r\n  Code provided by Arduino\r\n*\/\r\n\r\n\r\n\/*\r\n Udp NTP Client\r\n\r\n Get the time from a Network Time Protocol (NTP) time server\r\n Demonstrates use of UDP sendPacket and ReceivePacket\r\n For more on NTP time servers and the messages needed to communicate with them,\r\n see http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Network_Time_Protocol\r\n\r\n created 4 Sep 2010\r\n by Michael Margolis\r\n modified 9 Apr 2012\r\n by Tom Igoe\r\n modified 28 Dec 2022\r\n by Giampaolo Mancini\r\n\r\nThis code is in the public domain.\r\n *\/\r\n\r\n#include &lt;WiFi.h&gt;\r\n#include &lt;WiFiUdp.h&gt;\r\n#include &lt;mbed_mktime.h&gt;\r\n\r\nint status = WL_IDLE_STATUS;\r\n#include \"arduino_secrets.h\"\r\n\/\/\/\/\/\/\/please enter your sensitive data in the Secret tab\/arduino_secrets.h\r\nchar ssid[] = SECRET_SSID;        \/\/ your network SSID (name)\r\nchar pass[] = SECRET_PASS;        \/\/ your network password (use for WPA, or use as key for WEP)\r\nint keyIndex = 0;  \/\/ your network key index number (needed only for WEP)\r\n\r\nunsigned int localPort = 2390;  \/\/ local port to listen for UDP packets\r\n\r\n\/\/ IPAddress timeServer(162, 159, 200, 123); \/\/ pool.ntp.org NTP server\r\n\r\nconstexpr auto timeServer{ \"pool.ntp.org\" };\r\n\r\nconst int NTP_PACKET_SIZE = 48;  \/\/ NTP timestamp is in the first 48 bytes of the message\r\n\r\nbyte packetBuffer[NTP_PACKET_SIZE];  \/\/ buffer to hold incoming and outgoing packets\r\n\r\n\/\/ A UDP instance to let us send and receive packets over UDP\r\nWiFiUDP Udp;\r\n\r\nconstexpr unsigned long printInterval{ 1000 };\r\nunsigned long printNow{};\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n  \/\/ Open serial communications and wait for port to open:\r\n  Serial.begin(9600);\r\n  while (!Serial) {\r\n    ;  \/\/ wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ check for the WiFi module:\r\n  if (WiFi.status() == WL_NO_SHIELD) {\r\n    Serial.println(\"Communication with WiFi module failed!\");\r\n    \/\/ don't continue\r\n    while (true)\r\n      ;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ attempt to connect to WiFi network:\r\n  while (status != WL_CONNECTED) {\r\n    Serial.print(\"Attempting to connect to SSID: \");\r\n    Serial.println(ssid);\r\n    \/\/ Connect to WPA\/WPA2 network. Change this line if using open or WEP network:\r\n    status = WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ wait 10 seconds for connection:\r\n    delay(10000);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  Serial.println(\"Connected to WiFi\");\r\n  printWifiStatus();\r\n\r\n  setNtpTime();\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {\r\n  if (millis() &gt; printNow) {\r\n    Serial.print(\"System Clock:          \");\r\n    Serial.println(getLocaltime());\r\n    printNow = millis() + printInterval;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid setNtpTime() {\r\n  Udp.begin(localPort);\r\n  sendNTPpacket(timeServer);\r\n  delay(1000);\r\n  parseNtpPacket();\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/ send an NTP request to the time server at the given address\r\nunsigned long sendNTPpacket(const char* address) {\r\n  memset(packetBuffer, 0, NTP_PACKET_SIZE);\r\n  packetBuffer[0] = 0b11100011;  \/\/ LI, Version, Mode\r\n  packetBuffer[1] = 0;           \/\/ Stratum, or type of clock\r\n  packetBuffer[2] = 6;           \/\/ Polling Interval\r\n  packetBuffer[3] = 0xEC;        \/\/ Peer Clock Precision\r\n  \/\/ 8 bytes of zero for Root Delay &amp; Root Dispersion\r\n  packetBuffer[12] = 49;\r\n  packetBuffer[13] = 0x4E;\r\n  packetBuffer[14] = 49;\r\n  packetBuffer[15] = 52;\r\n\r\n  Udp.beginPacket(address, 123);  \/\/ NTP requests are to port 123\r\n  Udp.write(packetBuffer, NTP_PACKET_SIZE);\r\n  Udp.endPacket();\r\n}\r\n\r\nunsigned long parseNtpPacket() {\r\n  if (!Udp.parsePacket())\r\n    return 0;\r\n\r\n  Udp.read(packetBuffer, NTP_PACKET_SIZE);\r\n  const unsigned long highWord = word(packetBuffer[40], packetBuffer[41]);\r\n  const unsigned long lowWord = word(packetBuffer[42], packetBuffer[43]);\r\n  const unsigned long secsSince1900 = highWord &lt;&lt; 16 | lowWord;\r\n  constexpr unsigned long seventyYears = 2208988800UL;\r\n  const unsigned long epoch = secsSince1900 - seventyYears;\r\n  set_time(epoch);\r\n\r\n#if defined(VERBOSE)\r\n  Serial.print(\"Seconds since Jan 1 1900 = \");\r\n  Serial.println(secsSince1900);\r\n\r\n  \/\/ now convert NTP time into everyday time:\r\n  Serial.print(\"Unix time = \");\r\n  \/\/ print Unix time:\r\n  Serial.println(epoch);\r\n\r\n  \/\/ print the hour, minute and second:\r\n  Serial.print(\"The UTC time is \");       \/\/ UTC is the time at Greenwich Meridian (GMT)\r\n  Serial.print((epoch % 86400L) \/ 3600);  \/\/ print the hour (86400 equals secs per day)\r\n  Serial.print(':');\r\n  if (((epoch % 3600) \/ 60) &lt; 10) {\r\n    \/\/ In the first 10 minutes of each hour, we'll want a leading '0'\r\n    Serial.print('0');\r\n  }\r\n  Serial.print((epoch % 3600) \/ 60);  \/\/ print the minute (3600 equals secs per minute)\r\n  Serial.print(':');\r\n  if ((epoch % 60) &lt; 10) {\r\n    \/\/ In the first 10 seconds of each minute, we'll want a leading '0'\r\n    Serial.print('0');\r\n  }\r\n  Serial.println(epoch % 60);  \/\/ print the second\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n  return epoch;\r\n}\r\n\r\nString getLocaltime() {\r\n  char buffer[32];\r\n  tm t;\r\n  _rtc_localtime(time(NULL), &amp;t, RTC_FULL_LEAP_YEAR_SUPPORT);\r\n  strftime(buffer, 32, \"%Y-%m-%d %k:%M:%S\", &amp;t);\r\n  return String(buffer);\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid printWifiStatus() {\r\n  \/\/ print the SSID of the network you're attached to:\r\n  Serial.print(\"SSID: \");\r\n  Serial.println(WiFi.SSID());\r\n\r\n  \/\/ print your board's IP address:\r\n  IPAddress ip = WiFi.localIP();\r\n  Serial.print(\"IP Address: \");\r\n  Serial.println(ip);\r\n\r\n  \/\/ print the received signal strength:\r\n  long rssi = WiFi.RSSI();\r\n  Serial.print(\"signal strength (RSSI):\");\r\n  Serial.print(rssi);\r\n  Serial.println(\" dBm\");\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is another Arduino-provided sketch, although there were some errors at the beginning (it didn\u2019t reference the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">arduino_secrets.h<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> file correctly). The version below has been corrected:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is actually an adaptation of a much older sketch that can be used with most microcontrollers. Two of its principal functions are the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sendNTPpacket<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> function, which formats data to send to the NTP server, and the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">parseNtpPacket <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">function, which formats the received data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Running the sketch should produce an output on the serial monitor that shows the correct time.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Working with USB-A<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The feature of the new Arduino GIGI R1 WiFi board that I am the most intrigued by has to be the USB-A connector.\u00a0 This connector allows you to use a USB mouse, keyboard, or mass-storage device with your Arduino, opening up many possible applications.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9526\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-1.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-1.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-ports-1.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s perform a few experiments with the USB-A connector.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">USB Drive with FAT32<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You will need a USB mass storage device, such as a USB thumb drive, to perform these experiments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The drive must be formatted with FAT32; this is important, as the Arduino library we are using can only read FAT32-formatted devices.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.verbatim.com\/index\/search.php?words=fat32+tool\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Verbatim has a utility<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that can be used to format FAT32 devices over 32GB. Unfortunately, this is only available for Microsoft Windows.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also would be a good idea to name your mass storage device \u201cusb\u201d. The sketches we are using are provided by Arduino and, unfortunately, they hard-coded the USB device name instead of making it a variable.\u00a0 If you don\u2019t want to edit the files, you can just name your device \u201cusb\u201d; it\u2019s much easier!<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read USB Directory<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first sketch we will check out is one provided by Arduino that reads the directory from a FAT32-formatted USB mass storage device.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sketch Arduino provided initially worked, but it broke when they updated the library and also renamed it. The following sketch, and the others in this section, reflect that name change.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \" title=\"Arduino GIGA USB File List Example\">\/*\r\n  Arduino GIGA USB File List Example\r\n  giga-usb-dir.ino\r\n  Demonstrates Arduino GIGA USB file listing\r\n  Lists files of a FAT32 formatted USB mass storage device\r\n  Requires Arduino_USBHostMbed5 Library\r\n  \r\n  Code provided by Arduino\r\n*\/\r\n\r\n#include &lt;DigitalOut.h&gt;\r\n#include &lt;FATFileSystem.h&gt;\r\n#include &lt;Arduino_USBHostMbed5.h&gt;\r\n\r\nUSBHostMSD msd;\r\nmbed::FATFileSystem usb(\"usb\");\r\n\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n  Serial.begin(115200);\r\n\r\n  pinMode(PA_15, OUTPUT);  \/\/enable the USB-A port\r\n  digitalWrite(PA_15, HIGH);\r\n\r\n  while (!Serial)\r\n    ;\r\n\r\n  Serial.println(\"Starting USB Dir List example...\");\r\n\r\n  \/\/ if you are using a Max Carrier uncomment the following line\r\n  \/\/ start_hub();\r\n\r\n  while (!msd.connect()) {\r\n    \/\/while (!port.connected()) {\r\n    delay(1000);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  Serial.print(\"Mounting USB device... \");\r\n  int err = usb.mount(&amp;msd);\r\n  if (err) {\r\n    Serial.print(\"Error mounting USB device \");\r\n    Serial.println(err);\r\n    while (1)\r\n      ;\r\n  }\r\n  Serial.println(\"done.\");\r\n\r\n  char buf[256];\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Display the root directory\r\n  Serial.print(\"Opening the root directory... \");\r\n  DIR* d = opendir(\"\/usb\/\");\r\n  Serial.println(!d ? \"Fail :(\" : \"Done\");\r\n  if (!d) {\r\n    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), \"error: %s (%d)\\r\\n\", strerror(errno), -errno);\r\n    Serial.print(buf);\r\n  }\r\n  Serial.println(\"done.\");\r\n\r\n  Serial.println(\"Root directory:\");\r\n  unsigned int count{ 0 };\r\n  while (true) {\r\n    struct dirent* e = readdir(d);\r\n    if (!e) {\r\n      break;\r\n    }\r\n    count++;\r\n    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), \"    %s\\r\\n\", e-&gt;d_name);\r\n    Serial.print(buf);\r\n  }\r\n  Serial.print(count);\r\n  Serial.println(\" files found!\");\r\n\r\n  snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), \"Closing the root directory... \");\r\n  Serial.print(buf);\r\n  fflush(stdout);\r\n  err = closedir(d);\r\n  snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), \"%s\\r\\n\", (err &lt; 0 ? \"Fail :(\" : \"OK\"));\r\n  Serial.print(buf);\r\n  if (err &lt; 0) {\r\n    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), \"error: %s (%d)\\r\\n\", strerror(errno), -errno);\r\n    Serial.print(buf);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You\u2019ll need to install the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arduino_USBHostMbed5<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> library from your Library Manager.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sketch is pretty straightforward. One thing to note is that to use the USB-A port you must set I\/O port <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PA_15<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> HIGH first.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">opendir <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">function, called on line 52, is what actually reads the directory.\u00a0 All the code runs in the Setup, and there is nothing in the Loop.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Load the sketch to your Arduino GIGA and observe the serial monitor &#8211; you can reset the board if you miss it. You should see the contents of your USB mass storage device.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Write File to USB Device<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The second sketch, also provided by Arduino, will write a text file to the USB mass storage device.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9533\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-usb-storage.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-usb-storage.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-usb-storage.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As with the previous sketch, this corrected version uses the proper name for the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arduino_USBHostMbed5<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> library.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \" title=\"Arduino GIGA USB File Write Example\">\/*\r\n  Arduino GIGA USB File Write Example\r\n  giga-usb-write.ino\r\n  Demonstrates Arduino GIGA USB file creating &amp; writing\r\n  Writes a text file to a FAT32 formatted USB mass storage device\r\n  Requires Arduino_USBHostMbed5 Library\r\n  \r\n  Code provided by Arduino\r\n*\/\r\n\r\n#include &lt;Arduino_USBHostMbed5.h&gt;\r\n#include &lt;DigitalOut.h&gt;\r\n#include &lt;FATFileSystem.h&gt;\r\n\r\nUSBHostMSD msd;\r\nmbed::FATFileSystem usb(\"usb\");\r\n\r\n\/\/ mbed::DigitalOut pin5(PC_6, 0);\r\nmbed::DigitalOut otg(PB_8, 1);\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n  Serial.begin(115200);\r\n\r\n  pinMode(PA_15, OUTPUT);  \/\/enable the USB-A port\r\n  digitalWrite(PA_15, HIGH);\r\n\r\n  while (!Serial)\r\n    ;\r\n\r\n  Serial.println(\"Starting USB File Write example...\");\r\n\r\n  \/\/ if you are using a Max Carrier uncomment the following line\r\n  \/\/ start_hub();\r\n\r\n  while (!msd.connect()) {\r\n    \/\/while (!port.connected()) {\r\n    delay(1000);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  Serial.println(\"Mounting USB device...\");\r\n  int err = usb.mount(&amp;msd);\r\n  if (err) {\r\n    Serial.print(\"Error mounting USB device \");\r\n    Serial.println(err);\r\n    while (1)\r\n      ;\r\n  }\r\n  Serial.print(\"mount done \");\r\n  mbed::fs_file_t file;\r\n  struct dirent *ent;\r\n  int dirIndex = 0;\r\n  int res = 0;\r\n  Serial.println(\"Open \/usb\/numbers.txt\");\r\n  FILE *f = fopen(\"\/usb\/numbers.txt\", \"w+\");\r\n  for (int i = 0; i &lt; 10; i++) {\r\n    Serial.print(\"Writing numbers (\");\r\n    Serial.print(i);\r\n    Serial.println(\"\/10)\");\r\n    fflush(stdout);\r\n    err = fprintf(f, \"%d\\n\", i);\r\n    if (err &lt; 0) {\r\n      Serial.println(\"Fail :(\");\r\n      error(\"error: %s (%d)\\n\", strerror(errno), -errno);\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  Serial.println(\"File closing\");\r\n  fflush(stdout);\r\n  err = fclose(f);\r\n  if (err &lt; 0) {\r\n    Serial.print(\"fclose error:\");\r\n    Serial.print(strerror(errno));\r\n    Serial.print(\" (\");\r\n    Serial.print(-errno);\r\n    Serial.print(\")\");\r\n  } else {\r\n    Serial.println(\"File closed\");\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sketch is pretty simple, and it starts by enabling the USB-A port using the same method as the previous sketch used.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On line 54, a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fopen<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> function is called to open the file after mounting it.\u00a0 The \u201cw+\u201d in the parameters indicates that the file is open for writing or appending &#8211; if \u201cnumbers.txt\u201d doesn\u2019t exist, it will be created; if it already exists, it will be appended to.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sketch simply places the numbers 0 through 9 in the new text file.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Load the sketch and run it. You can observe the writing process on the serial monitor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the sketch has finished running, you can power down the Arduino GIGA and insert the USB storage device into a computer to read its contents. You should see a text file named \u201cnumbers.txt,\u201d and the file should; contain the numbers 0 through 9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is a very useful technique for building devices such as dataloggers.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read File from USB Device<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The final USB sketch we will look at reads the contents of a text file and displays the results on a serial monitor. Once again, it\u2019s an Arduino-supplied sketch that has been corrected to reflect the correct library name.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \" title=\"Arduino GIGA USB File Read Example\">\/*\r\n  Arduino GIGA USB File Read Example\r\n  giga-usb-read.ino\r\n  Demonstrates Arduino GIGA USB file reading\r\n  Reads a text file on a FAT32 formatted USB mass storage device\r\n  \r\n  Code provided by Arduino\r\n*\/\r\n\r\n#include &lt;Arduino_USBHostMbed5.h&gt;\r\n#include &lt;DigitalOut.h&gt;\r\n#include &lt;FATFileSystem.h&gt;\r\n\r\nUSBHostMSD msd;\r\nmbed::FATFileSystem usb(\"usb\");\r\n\r\n\/\/ If you are using a Portenta Machine Control uncomment the following line\r\nmbed::DigitalOut otg(PB_14, 0);\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n  Serial.begin(115200);\r\n\r\n  pinMode(PA_15, OUTPUT);  \/\/enable the USB-A port\r\n  digitalWrite(PA_15, HIGH);\r\n\r\n  while (!Serial)\r\n    ;\r\n\r\n  delay(2500);\r\n  Serial.println(\"Starting USB File Read example...\");\r\n\r\n  \/\/ if you are using a Max Carrier uncomment the following line\r\n  \/\/start_hub();\r\n\r\n  while (!msd.connect()) {\r\n    delay(1000);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  Serial.println(\"Mounting USB device...\");\r\n  int err = usb.mount(&amp;msd);\r\n  if (err) {\r\n    Serial.print(\"Error mounting USB device \");\r\n    Serial.println(err);\r\n    while (1)\r\n      ;\r\n  }\r\n  Serial.print(\"read done \");\r\n  mbed::fs_file_t file;\r\n  struct dirent *ent;\r\n  int dirIndex = 0;\r\n  int res = 0;\r\n  Serial.println(\"Open file..\");\r\n  FILE *f = fopen(\"\/usb\/Arduino.txt\", \"r+\");\r\n  char buf[256];\r\n  Serial.println(\"File content:\");\r\nusb\r\n  fflush(stdout);\r\n  err = fclose(f);\r\n  if (err &lt; 0) {\r\n    Serial.print(\"fclose error:\");\r\n    Serial.print(strerror(errno));\r\n    Serial.print(\" (\");\r\n    Serial.print(-errno);\r\n    Serial.print(\")\");\r\n  } else {\r\n    Serial.println(\"File closed\");\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You\u2019ll notice that this sketch is quite similar to the previous one, as file writing and reading operations are nearly identical.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On line 53, we use the<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> fopen<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> function with the \u201cr+\u201d parameter, indicating that we are opening the file for reading.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sketch is looking for a file named \u201cArduino.txt\u201d, remember, that name is case-sensitive. You should create a small text file with that name and load it onto the USB mass storage device.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Load it up and observe your serial monitor. You should be seeing the contents of your text file.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using the 16-bit ADCs<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Analog to Digital Converters, or ADCs, on the Arduino GIGA are 16-bit units with a very high sampling rate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although they can be addressed with the traditional <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">analogRead<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> command, you will get far greater performance using another method, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arduino_AdvancedAnalog<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> library.\u00a0 You\u2019ll need to install this library using your Library Manager.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ADC Hookup<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In order to demonstrate the operation of the ADC, we will need an analog voltage source that we can measure.\u00a0 Remember, this cannot exceed 3.3 volts; higher voltages will damage your Arduino GIGA!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A simple way of doing this is to hook up a potentiometer, as shown here:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9517\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9517\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-adc-hookup-large.jpg?ssl=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9517 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-adc-hookup.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-adc-hookup.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-adc-hookup.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9517\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on the wiring diagram to open a larger image<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any linear taper potentiometer with a resistance of 10k or higher will work here.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ADC Sketch<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here is a sketch, the only one today NOT from Arduino, that will illustrate the use of the\u00a0 Arduino_AdvancedAnalog library.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \" title=\"Arduino GIGA ADC Test\">\/*\r\n  Arduino GIGA ADC Test\r\n  giga-adc-test.ino\r\n  Demonstrates Arduino GIGA 16-bit ADC\r\n  Requires Arduino_AdvancedAnalog Library\r\n    \r\n  2023 DroneBot Workshop\r\n  <blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"4POx3Efi87\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/\">Welcome to the Workshop!<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Welcome to the Workshop!&#8221; &#8212; DroneBot Workshop\" src=\"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/embed\/#?secret=LInRBWDtXO#?secret=4POx3Efi87\" data-secret=\"4POx3Efi87\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\r\n*\/\r\n\r\n\/\/ Include Advanced Analog library\r\n#include &lt;Arduino_AdvancedAnalog.h&gt;\r\n\r\n#define ADC_PIN A0\r\n\r\n\/\/ Create ADC object\r\nAdvancedADC adc1(ADC_PIN);\r\n\r\n\/\/ Variable to hold last millisecond reading\r\nuint64_t last_millis = 0;\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n  \/\/ Start serial monitor\r\n  Serial.begin(9600);\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Resolution, sample rate, number of samples per channel, queue depth.\r\n  if (!adc1.begin(AN_RESOLUTION_16, 16000, 32, 64)) {\r\n    Serial.println(\"Failed to start analog acquisition!\");\r\n    while (1)\r\n      ;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid adc_print_buf() {\r\n  \/\/ Print data buffer contents\r\n  if (adc1.available()) {\r\n\r\n    \/\/Create a buffer with current reading\r\n    SampleBuffer buf = adc1.read();\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Print the sample.\r\n    Serial.println(buf[0]);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Release the buffer to return it to the pool.\r\n    buf.release();\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {\r\n  if (millis() - last_millis &gt; 1) {\r\n    \/\/ Print buffer every millisecond\r\n    adc_print_buf();\r\n    last_millis = millis();\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After including the library, we define the pin we use on the ADC, pin A0. We then create an object called adc1 to represent the A-to-D converter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We also define a variable to hold time readings (in milliseconds); we will use this to limit the amount of data we send to the serial monitor to avoid flooding it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Setup, we start the serial monitor and the ADC. Note the parameters used for the ADC. You can experiment with the settings to see how it affects the output.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The function <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">adc_print_buf <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">creates a data buffer with the current reading and then prints its contents to the serial monitor.\u00a0 We call this function every millisecond within the Loop.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9519\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-adc-test.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-adc-test.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-adc-test.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Load the sketch to your Arduino GIGA and observe the output on the serial monitor as you rotate the potentiometer. This is a 16-bit Analog to Digital Converter, so the range will be from 0 to 65,635.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using the DACs &amp; Build a Waveform Generator<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The final Arduino GIGA experiment is to use the 12-bit DAC to create a waveform generator. This is a really neat application, and the code has been provided, once again, by Arduino.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The waveform generator is capable of the following waveforms:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Triangle<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Square<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sine<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sawtooth<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can also adjust the frequency of the waveform, albeit in some very discreet steps. The waveform generator is controlled using your computer&#8217;s keyboard, with a menu displayed on the serial monitor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9534\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-waveform-menu.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-waveform-menu.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-waveform-menu.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This code requires the same <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arduino_AdvancedAnalog<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> library used in the ADC sketch, so if you haven\u2019t installed it yet, you will need to do that. Just search for it in your Library Manager.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scope Hookup<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In order to monitor the output of this project, you will need to hook up a scope to the DAC0 output on the Arduino GIGA, as illustrated here:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9520\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9520\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-dac-hookup-large.jpg?ssl=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9520 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-dac-hookup.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-dac-hookup.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-dac-hookup.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9520\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on the wiring diagram to open a larger image<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You could monitor the output with an audio amplifier if you don\u2019t have access to an oscilloscope. You should be able to distinguish the different types of waveforms if you have a good ear.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Waveform Generator Code<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here is the sketch Arduino has provided for the waveform generator. Note that in the sketch they refer to \u201cDAC1\u201d, but this is an error, the sketch actually points to the A12 pin, which is DAC0.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \" title=\"Arduino GIGA DAC Waveform Generator\">\/*\r\n  Arduino GIGA DAC Waveform Generator\r\n  giga-dac-waveform.ino\r\n  Demonstrates Arduino GIGA 12-bit DAC\r\n  Requires Arduino_AdvancedAnalog Library\r\n    \r\n  Code provided by Arduino\r\n*\/\r\n\r\n\/\/ This example generates different waveforms based on user input on A12\/DAC1.\r\n\r\n#include &lt;Arduino_AdvancedAnalog.h&gt;\r\n\r\n#define N_SAMPLES           (256)\r\n#define DEFAULT_FREQUENCY   (16000)\r\n\r\nAdvancedDAC dac1(A12);\r\nuint8_t SAMPLES_BUFFER[N_SAMPLES];\r\nsize_t dac_frequency = DEFAULT_FREQUENCY;\r\n\r\nvoid generate_waveform(int cmd) \r\n{   \r\n    switch (cmd) {\r\n        case 't':\r\n            \/\/ Triangle wave\r\n            Serial.print(\"Waveform: Triangle \");\r\n            for (int i=0; i&lt;N_SAMPLES; i++){\r\n                SAMPLES_BUFFER[i] = abs((i % 255) - 127);\r\n            }\r\n            break;\r\n\r\n        case 'q':\r\n            \/\/ Square wave\r\n            Serial.print(\"Waveform: Square \");\r\n            for (int i=0; i&lt;N_SAMPLES; i++){\r\n                SAMPLES_BUFFER[i] = (i % 255) &lt; 127 ? 127 : 0;\r\n            }\r\n            break;\r\n\r\n        case 's':\r\n            \/\/ Sine wave\r\n            Serial.print(\"Waveform: Sine \");\r\n            for (int i=0; i&lt;N_SAMPLES; i++){\r\n                SAMPLES_BUFFER[i] = sin(2 * 3.14 * (i \/ (float) N_SAMPLES)) * 127 + 127;\r\n            }\r\n            break;\r\n\r\n        case 'r':\r\n            \/\/ Sawtooth\r\n            Serial.print(\"Waveform: Sawtooth\");\r\n            for (int i=0; i&lt;N_SAMPLES; i++){\r\n                SAMPLES_BUFFER[i] = i;\r\n            }\r\n            break;\r\n\r\n        case '+':\r\n        case '-':\r\n            Serial.print(\"Current frequency: \");\r\n            \r\n            if (cmd == '+' &amp;&amp; dac_frequency &lt; 64000) {\r\n              dac_frequency *= 2;\r\n            } else if (cmd == '-' &amp;&amp; dac_frequency &gt; 1000) {\r\n              dac_frequency \/= 2;\r\n            } else {\r\n              break;\r\n            }\r\n            \r\n            dac1.stop();\r\n            delay(500);\r\n            if (!dac1.begin(AN_RESOLUTION_8, dac_frequency * N_SAMPLES, N_SAMPLES, 32)) {\r\n              Serial.println(\"Failed to start DAC1 !\");\r\n            }\r\n            delay(500);\r\n            break;\r\n            \r\n        default:\r\n            Serial.print(\"Unknown command \");\r\n            Serial.println((char) cmd);\r\n            return;\r\n    }\r\n    \r\n    Serial.print(dac_frequency\/1000);\r\n    Serial.println(\"KHz\");\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n    Serial.begin(115200);\r\n\r\n    while (!Serial) {\r\n\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    \r\n    Serial.println(\"Enter a command:\");\r\n    Serial.println(\"t: Triangle wave\");\r\n    Serial.println(\"q: Square wave\");\r\n    Serial.println(\"s: Sine wave\");\r\n    Serial.println(\"r: Sawtooth wave\");\r\n    Serial.println(\"+: Increase frequency\");\r\n    Serial.println(\"-: Decrease frequency\");\r\n    \r\n    generate_waveform('s');\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ DAC initialization\r\n    if (!dac1.begin(AN_RESOLUTION_8, DEFAULT_FREQUENCY * N_SAMPLES, N_SAMPLES, 32)) {\r\n        Serial.println(\"Failed to start DAC1 !\");\r\n        while (1);\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {\r\n    if (Serial.available() &gt; 0) {\r\n        int cmd = Serial.read();\r\n        if (cmd != '\\n') {\r\n          generate_waveform(cmd);\r\n        }\r\n    } \r\n    \r\n    if (dac1.available()) {\r\n        \/\/ Get a free buffer for writing.\r\n        SampleBuffer buf = dac1.dequeue();\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Write data to buffer.\r\n        for (size_t i=0; i&lt;buf.size(); i++) {\r\n            buf[i] =  SAMPLES_BUFFER[i];\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        dac1.write(buf);\r\n    }\r\n}<\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sketch works by building up one cycle of the selected wave. This consists of 256 samples.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a user selects a waveform using the keyboard, the sketch runs through a switch statement to determine which key was pressed.\u00a0 If it was a waveform selection, then a cycle of the desired waveform is created using mathematics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a frequency change is selected, the sketch determines if it is an increase or decrease. It then doubles or halves the frequency from a range of 1 kHz to 64 kHz.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Load up the sketch and use the menu displayed on the serial monitor to select a waveform type.\u00a0 Observe the output on the oscilloscope.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9536\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-waveform-square.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-waveform-square.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-waveform-square.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9535\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-waveform-sawtooth.jpg?resize=750%2C422&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-waveform-sawtooth.jpg?w=768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-waveform-sawtooth.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While this is just a demo sketch, it could be reworked to create a useful piece of test equipment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Arduino GIGA is certainly a powerful board with great potential. It has obvious robotics and process control uses and is compatible with the Arduino IoT Cloud.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As it retains the same form factor as the Mega and Due boards, it can be used to upgrade designs based on those products, keeping in mind that this is a 3.3-volt logic device and won\u2019t necessarily work with existing shields.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right now (March 2023), the software and libraries for this board are in their infancy. I tried several more examples Arduino provided, but they wouldn\u2019t work, probably because the libraries involved are still in the early development stage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I was particularly disappointed that I couldn\u2019t get the camera to work, despite buying the exact camera they used in their examples.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But these are the growing pains of a new board, and it is indeed an excellent piece of hardware. Once the software catches up, I predict the Arduino GIGA will become a valuable addition to anyone&#8217;s workshop and the heart of many amazing projects.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"dbwspartsbox\">\n<h3>Parts List<\/h3>\n<p><em>Here are some components that you might need to complete the experiments in this article. Please note that some of these links may be affiliate links, and the DroneBot Workshop may receive a commission on your purchases. This does not increase the cost to you and is a method of supporting this ad-free website.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/store.arduino.cc\/products\/giga-r1-wifi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arduino Store<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"dbwsresourcebox\">\n<h3>Resources<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/download.dronebotworkshop.com\/Arduino+Giga+-+DroneBot+Workshop.zip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Code &amp; Cheat Sheet<\/a> &#8211; All the code used here, plus the &#8220;cheat sheet&#8221; for the Linux fix<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.arduino.cc\/hardware\/giga-r1-wifi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; The entry point for Arduino\u2019s GIGA documentation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.verbatim.com\/index\/search.php?words=fat32+tool\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Verbatim FAT32 Formatter<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; A Windows utility for formatting devices over 32GB with FAT32.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The new Arduino GIGA is the most powerful microcontroller that Arduino has ever produced.<\/p>\n<p>Today we will take a first look at this monster, which has the same form factor as the Arduino Mega.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, we&#8217;ll test out some of the more unique features of this board as well.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9537,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[44],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/arduino-giga-wifi.jpg?fit=768%2C432&ssl=1","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/s74ClK-giga","jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9539"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9539"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9539\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9660,"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9539\/revisions\/9660"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9537"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9539"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9539"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dronebotworkshop.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9539"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}